关键词： Vertical structure, R&D investment, Cournot, Upstream privatization, Welfare, 垂直结构,研发投入,古诺,上游私有化,社会福利

关键词：Production network; ICT; Elasticity of substitution; Second-order effect, 生产网络;ICT; 替代弹性;二阶效应

关键词：female officials,public health services,equalization,Random forest model, 女性官员,公共卫生服务,均等化,随机森林模型

关键词：Digital technology; Farmers' income increase; Mechanism of action; Spatial spillover effect, 数字技术；农民增收；作用机制；空间溢出效应

关键词：Income uncertainty,perception,consumption,precautionary saving, 收入不确定,感知,消费下降,预防性储蓄

关键词：Rural financial service outsourcing,Inclusive financial service points,Credit availability,Livability, 农村金融服务外包,农村普惠金融服务点,信贷获得,生活宜居

关键词：human capital,education,war, 人力资本,教育,战争

关键词：Carbon Emission Trading Scheme,Policy assessment,Difference in Difference in Difference,Mediation ,Mechanism Analysis, 碳交易政策,政策评估,三重差分,机制分析

关键词：personal connection,environmental policy,local government, 环境政策,政治网络,地方政府

关键词：Bankruptcy systems,bankruptcy courts,Entrepreneurship, 破产制度,破产法庭,创业活动